Htaccess

htaccess configuration using custom templates

Problem

A system administrator wants to implement custom restrictions or directives for a web-accessible directory on a SME Server, but as .htaccess files are disabled by default on SME Server, and the enabling of them is not generally recommended, then another method is required.

These restrictions or access controls may include limiting access to a specified range of IP addresses, enabling the Apache rewrite engine (and specifying rewrite rules), requiring a password to access a subdirectory of an ibay, and numerous other possibilities.

Solution

The recommended way to implement custom access controls or web server directives on an SME server is to add those controls to the main web server configuration file using custom template fragments. This method allows the system administrator to keep control of the web server security settings, and ensures that other system users will not inadvertently (or deliberately) compromise the web server's security.

The Apache web server documentation recommends avoiding use of .htaccess files when possible, for both performance and security reasons.

Various examples are shown in this article, which include basic redirection & rewrite, and how to implement secure authorised access to folders/subfolders in SME Server ibays using different auth methods.

A default SME Server server manager panel allows ibay access from the Internet to be secured with a password, (see Information Bay panel). This only controls access to the main ibay folder & does not control access to individual folders or subfolders, so the auth examples given, can allow further control possibilities beyond the default settings available in SME server.

	Note:
	These are specific examples only, & the custom template method can be configured for any directives, as required by the sysadmin.

Using custom templates to configure htaccess requirements

Determining contents of template fragment

A .htaccess file implements web server directives for the directory in which it is placed, and any subdirectory. Those directives can also be placed in the main web server configuration file, which is the method described on this page. Due to the way SME server uses templates for configuration files, we will create a small template file (a "template fragment") incorporating our desired changes, rather than directly editing the main configuration file. For this method to work, however, the directory to which those directives apply must be explicitly specified.

A template fragment intended to replace a .htaccess file will include a Directory tag, the server directives, and a /Directory tag. It will look like this:

<Directory /home/e-smith/files/ibays/youribayname/html>
(any server directives that are appropriate)
</Directory>

Initially you will need to determine the contents of your .htacess file to be used in the fragment. Refer to the .htaccess web site links below for more details. A basic .htaccess file designed for user authorisation purposes, may contain the following (see specific examples in following sections):

AuthUserFile /etc/passwordfilename
AuthGroupFile /dev/null
AuthName "My Site Security Group"
AuthType Basic
<Limit GET>
order deny,allow
require valid-user
</Limit>

The AuthUserFile will be the location on your sme server of the htaccess password file. You can choose whichever name and location you want, but the password file SHOULD NOT be placed in a publicly accessible area ie NOT in web site folders. Note that this file is created using the htpasswd command (see steps later).

The AuthName can be any name you want.

The rest of the details are basic and can be amended to suit your particular requirements.

	Warning:
	Please choose your AuthUserFile password file name carefully so that it does not correspond with existing filenames. Do not name the file passwd as that filename already exists, and you will overwrite the original system file and make your server inaccessible. Choose a meaningful name like ibaypasswords or similar.

Creating the template fragment

For any of the examples below, you will create one or more custom template fragments, edit them to meet your requirements, expand the httpd.conf file, and restart the web server. Take the following steps:

First, create the directory for your template fragments, if it doesn't already exist:

[root@e-smith ~]# mkdir -p /etc/e-smith/templates-custom/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

The -p flag will create any intermediate directories, if they don't already exist. If this directory already exists, the command will return without an error.

Then, change to the template directory and create a new template fragment, with the name of your choice:

 [root@e-smith ~]# cd /etc/e-smith/templates-custom/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
 [root@e-smith httpd.conf]# nano -w 50AddSecureIbayFolder

Edit the file to include the text from one of the examples below, or any other directives that are appropriate for your installation. The -w flag to nano disables word wrap, so nano will not insert line breaks on long lines. Once you are finished editing the file, press Ctrl-X to exit, and Y to save. Then

 [root@e-smith httpd.conf]# expand-template /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
 [root@e-smith httpd.conf]# service httpd-e-smith restart

Your web server is now restarted with your custom settings in place. You should test them to ensure the function as intended.

Examples

Basic layout of fragment for a redirect rewrite directive

Create a custom httpd.conf template fragment that looks like this (replace with appropriate details)

<Directory /home/e-smith/files/ibays/youribay/html>
Options +FollowSymLinks
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} base64_encode[^(]*\([^)]*\) [OR]
RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} (<|%3C)([^s]*s)+cript.*(>|%3E) [NC,OR]
...
</Directory>

Authentication against a user password file

Using the htaccess file contents example from above, and assuming we want to secure an ibay subfolder called /home/e-smith/files/ibays/ibayname/html/foldername/subfoldername

edit the fragment file to contain the following (ensure there is an empty line at the end)

<Directory /home/e-smith/files/ibays/ibayname/html/foldername/subfoldername>
AuthUserFile /etc/passwordfilename
AuthGroupFile /dev/null
AuthName "My Site Security Group"
AuthType Basic
<Limit GET>
order deny,allow
require valid-user
</Limit>
</Directory>

	Note:
	in according with bugzilla:7871 and bugzilla:7890 the following apache modules are loaded by default in the SME8 and also in the future release of SME9. auth_basic authn_file, authz_groupfile there is no longer the requirement to add these by using a custom template 20LoadModule55

Password file creation

Now you need to create the password file, change to the location you want the password file in

cd /etc

then do

htpasswd -c passwordfilename user1

then you will be asked to enter the password

and then asked to confirm the password

The user name and password will be encoded into the password file

To add a second user and password do

htpasswd passwordfilename user2

then you will be asked to enter the password

and then asked to confirm the password

To add a third user and password do

htpasswd passwordfilename user3

then you will be asked to enter the password

and then asked to confirm the password

and so on.

You should only use the -c switch when entering the first user.

If you use the -c switch when entering additional user details you will overwrite the password file completely and only have the one user entry there.

Authentication against all sme users

Determine the contents of your .htacess file to be used in the fragment, as mentioned previously. The contents shown below will suffice for standard situations.

Assuming we want to secure an ibay subfolder called /home/e-smith/files/ibays/ibayname/html/foldername/subfoldername

edit the fragment file to contain the following (ensure there is an empty line at the end)

<Directory /home/e-smith/files/ibays/ibayname/html/foldername/subfoldername>
AuthName "My Site Security Group"
AuthType Basic
AuthExternal pwauth
<Limit GET>
order deny,allow
require valid-user
</Limit>
</Directory>

	Note:
	the "valid-user" setting will allow any valid sme user to gain access

• With SME9 you have to slightly modified the code due to the new authentication authnz_external_module

<Directory /home/e-smith/files/ibays/ibayname/html/foldername/subfoldername>
AuthName "My Site Security Group"
AuthBasicProvider external
AuthType Basic
AuthExternal pwauth
<Limit GET>
order deny,allow
require valid-user
</Limit>
</Directory>

	Note:
	in according with bugzilla:7871 and bugzilla:7890 the following apache modules are loaded by default in the SME8 and also in the future release of SME9. auth_basic authn_file, authz_groupfile there is no longer the requirement to add these by using a custom template 20LoadModule55

Authentication against specified sme users

Determine the contents of your .htacess file to be used in the fragment, as mentioned previously. The contents shown below will suffice for standard situations.

Assuming we want to secure an ibay subfolder called /home/e-smith/files/ibays/ibayname/html/foldername/subfoldername

edit the fragment file to contain the following (ensure there is an empty line at the end)

<Directory /home/e-smith/files/ibays/ibayname/html/foldername/subfoldername>
AuthName "My Site Security Group"
AuthType Basic
AuthExternal pwauth
<Limit GET>
order deny,allow
require user admin smeusername1 smeusername2 smeusername3 smeusername4
</Limit>
</Directory>

	Note:
	where admin, smeusername1, smeusername2 etc are valid users on the sme server

• With SME9 you have to slightly modified the code due to the new authentication authnz_external_module

<Directory /home/e-smith/files/ibays/ibayname/html/foldername/subfoldername>
AuthName "My Site Security Group"
AuthBasicProvider external
AuthType Basic
AuthExternal pwauth
<Limit GET>
order deny,allow
require user admin smeusername1 smeusername2 smeusername3 smeusername4
</Limit>
</Directory>

	Note:
	in according with bugzilla:7871 and bugzilla:7890 the following apache modules are loaded by default in the SME8 and also in the future release of SME9. auth_basic authn_file, authz_groupfile there is no longer the requirement to add these by using a custom template 20LoadModule55

Authentication against groups

• Unixgroup

You have to download a plugin of pwauth to authenticate unix group in SME Server 8 : http://code.google.com/p/pwauth/ For SME Server 9 a nfr is raised see bugzilla:3690

wget http://pwauth.googlecode.com/files/pwauth-2.3.10.tar.gz
tar xvzf pwauth-2.3.10.tar.gz
cp pwauth-2.3.10/unixgroup /usr/lib/httpd/modules/
chown root:www /usr/lib/httpd/modules/unixgroup
chmod 750 /usr/lib/httpd/modules/unixgroup

We need to create a new fragment

nano /etc/e-smith/templates/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf/35-group-auth

{
       $OUT .= "     AddExternalGroup unixgroup /usr/lib/httpd/modules/unixgroup\n";
       $OUT .= "     SetExternalGroupMethod unixgroup environment\n";
}

[root@sme8 ~]# expand-template /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
[root@sme8 ~]# sv t /service/httpd-e-smith
[root@sme8 ~]# sv s /service/httpd-e-smith

After that you are able to check for group membership using following code in .htaccess-Files: (be sure that you are allowed to "AllowOverride AuthConfig" in your directory-rule from apache.

   AuthName "mySite"
   AuthType Basic
   AuthExternal pwauth
   GroupExternal unixgroup
   Require group mygroup
   Satisfy all

mygroup must be a valid group on your server. After that you are able to check for group-membership. Use this syntax if you have several group : group1 group 2 group 3

If you want to allow groups and certain users you can do like this.

   AuthName "mySite"
   AuthType Basic
   AuthExternal pwauth
   GroupExternal unixgroup
   AuthzUserAuthoritative off
   Require group group1 group2 group3
   Require user admin pierre paul
   Satisfy all

• With SME9 you have to slightly modified the code due to the new authentication authnz_external_module

   AuthName "mySite"
   AuthType Basic
   AuthBasicProvider external
   AuthExternal pwauth
   GroupExternal unixgroup
   AuthzUserAuthoritative off
   Require group group1 group2 group3
   Require user admin pierre paul
   Satisfy all

• Forum's references

Two methods are outlined in this forum post

http://forums.contribs.org/index.php/topic,38959.msg177967.html#msg177967

One method solves this by expanding the group to all members in it and adding them to the required user directive, see

http://forums.contribs.org/index.php/topic,38959.msg177464.html#msg177464

The other method solves this by using the unixgroup check script, see

http://forums.contribs.org/index.php/topic,38959.msg177967.html#msg177967

Testing

Now you can test the web site access.

Carry out appropriate testing to ensure the directives used are working.

For rewrites check that the correct site is resolved.

For auth, firstly ensure you have created the actual web site folder or subfolder, and then browse to your newly secured location ie

www.yourdomain.com/ibayname/foldername/subfoldername

You will be asked for a user Id and password.

Enter any combination that is allowed by your configuration to gain access, ie is in your password file, is any sme user, or is a specfied sme user.

Deletion procedure

To undo any changes you make using this method, do the following, replacing filenames with those actually used

rm /etc/passwordfilename
rm /etc/e-smith/templates-custom/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf/50AddSecureIbayFolder
rm /etc/e-smith/templates/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf/35-group-auth 
expand-template /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
sv t /service/httpd-e-smith
sv s /service/httpd-e-smith

Using a .htaccess file to configure htaccess requirements - not recommended

These instructions are added here for general interest. Users should heed recommendations in this article & instead use custom templates where possible to achieve the same end result.

The alternative commonly used method of implementing access controls or custom directives on a Linux-based server is to create a file called .htaccess in the directory you want to control, and include your instructions in that file.

To allow users to independently change web access controls (where this is permitted by the system administrator), .htaccess can be enabled for an ibay on SME server using the following commands:

db accounts setprop ibayname AllowOverride All
expand-template /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 
service httpd-e-smith restart

The screen will display

Restarting httpd-e-smith [ OK ]

AllowOverride can be set to values other than "All", and should be set as narrowly as possible to meet users' needs. Consult the Apache documentation for valid values of this parameter. This is only required if there is a legitimate need for system users to independently change web access controls. If this is enabled, the system administrator should regularly monitor the contents of .htaccess files to ensure security is not compromised.

Additional Information

See these resources for further information about creating and using htaccess. Much of the information is not directly applicable to the method outlined in this HOWTO, but it will assist in determining the contents of the custom template fragment (ie the directives to use).

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/howto/htaccess.html

http://www.freewebmasterhelp.com/tutorials/htaccess/

http://www.its.queensu.ca/network/policy/htaccess.shtml

http://www.washington.edu/computing/web/publishing/htaccess.html

http://www.htmlite.com/HTA003.php

http://www.cs.hmc.edu/qref/web/htaccess.html

For further information about custom templates see:

http://wiki.contribs.org/SME_Server:Documentation:Developers_Manual

Other References:

http://forums.contribs.org/index.php?topic=42190.0

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