Useful Commands
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SME Server locale
By default the sme server 8 locale is ISO-8859-1ldapsear
Apache Related Commands
Apache options to ibay
Expand httpd.conf template
expand-template /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf sv h /service/httpd-e-smith
or
/sbin/e-smith/expand-template /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf /usr/bin/sv h /service/httpd-e-smith
Restart httpd
/etc/init.d/httpd-e-smith restart
or
sv t /service/httpd-e-smith
Enable AllowOverride All/None
leave Apache reads the distributed configuration file .htaccess per ibay:
db accounts setprop IBAYNAME AllowOverride All signal-event ibay-modify IBAYNAME
if you want to remove
db accounts delprop IBAYNAME AllowOverride signal-event ibay-modify IBAYNAME
enable Symlinks in that iBay
db accounts setprop IBAYNAME FollowSymLinks enabled signal-event ibay-modify IBAYNAME
if you want to remove
db accounts delprop IBAYNAME FollowSymLinks signal-event ibay-modify IBAYNAME
disable apache directory indexes per ibay
db accounts setprop IBAYNAME Indexes disabled signal-event ibay-modify IBAYNAME
if you want to remove
db accounts delprop IBAYNAME Indexes signal-event ibay-modify IBAYNAME
PHPBaseDir per ibay
the phpbasedir is a "php-jail", if you want that it uses its normal jail and allow it to use also /tmp then :
db accounts setprop IBAYNAME PHPBaseDir /home/e-smith/files/ibays/IBAYNAME/:/tmp/ signal-event ibay-modify IBAYNAME
Allow PHP URL File Open per ibay
For SME9 exclusively see Useful_Commands#PHP_settings_only_for_SME9
Make custom httpd directory if not exist
mkdir -p /etc/e-smith/templates-custom/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Create the template name 99allow_url_fopen and put the content
<Directory /home/e-smith/files/ibays/IBAYNAME/html> php_admin_flag allow_url_fopen on </Directory>
Save the file
Expand
expand-template /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Restart httpd.
/etc/init.d/httpd-e-smith restart
Allow PHP URL File Open
This is set with a db command. Use the command here
http://wiki.contribs.org/DB_Variables_Configuration#Php
and replace the variable and value eg
db configuration setprop php AllowUrlFopen On expand-template /etc/php.ini /etc/init.d/httpd-e-smith restart
PHP document root
$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']
If you set up an application in an ibay you may have some odd results due to the usage of $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] by the application. By default this is set in php.ini to :
/home/e-smith/files/ibays/Primary/html
How to overcome $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] issues in ibays see PHP_document_root
PHP settings only for SME9
db accounts setprop ibayname variable value signal-event ibay-modify ibayname
AllowUrlfOpen : enabled/disabled MemoryLimit : set a M as unit, eg 64M UpMaxFileSize : set a M as unit, eg 64M PostMaxSize : set a M as unit, eg 64M MaxExecTime: unlimited or set time in second without units, eg 60
PHPinfo
PHPinfo will provide an overview of all PHP related settings. A quick way to get an overview or search for a setting, one could use:
php -r "phpinfo();" | less
or to save to a text file:
php -r "phpinfo();" > phpinfo.txt
or to search for specific values and save to a text file:
php -r "phpinfo();" | grep mysql > phpmysql.txt
https forced redirection using custom template
If it does not already exist then create the following directory
mkdir -p /etc/e-smith/templates-custom/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf/VirtualHosts
cd /etc/e-smith/templates-custom/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf/VirtualHosts
nano 60redir-ibayname1
Paste or type the following code including the brackets, replacing ibayname with the name of your ibay
{
if ($port ne "443")
{
$OUT .= <<'HERE';
## Redirect Web Address to Secure Address
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^/ibayname https://%{HTTP_HOST}/ibayname
## End Of Redirect
HERE
}
}
Save the file & exit by Ctrl+x
/sbin/e-smith/expand-template /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
/etc/init.d/httpd restart
Backup
In the case of you have errors when you mount a remote cifs share (used by the panel 'backup or restore', you can experiment by just running the two commands from the command line (replace $host $share $mountdir appropriately)
/bin/mount -t cifs "//$host/$share" $mountdir -o credentials=/etc/dar/CIFScredentials,nounix /bin/mountpoint $mountdir
For example :
/bin/mount -t cifs "//192.168.xx.xx/backup-sme" /mnt/smb -o credentials=/etc/dar/CIFScredentials,nounix /bin/mountpoint /mnt/smb/
Launch Manually a backup
- only for an usb_backup or a remote_backup
/etc/e-smith/events/actions/workstation-backup-dar
Certificates
see http://wiki.contribs.org/Certificates_Concepts
How to change your certificate
Since SME version 7.1.3, the functionality to configure a Common Name in the certificate is included in the main SME packages and can be configured as follows:
config setprop modSSL CommonName www.domain.com expand-template /home/e-smith/ssl.crt/crt expand-template /home/e-smith/ssl.key/key signal-event domain-modify signal-event email-update
see this forum thread [1] and bug report [2]
How to set a different expiration time
The SME self signed certificate is valid for one year, and is automatically renewed on the anniversary of the installation date of the SME server OS. To specify how long your SME certificate will last for, do the following:
cp /etc/e-smith/templates/home/e-smith/ssl.crt /etc/e-smith/templates-custom/home/e-smith/ssl.crt nano -w /etc/e-smith/templates-custom/home/e-smith/ssl.crt
change the value for KEYLIFEINDAYS on the first line to the number of days the certificate will remain valid for eg 1826 for 5 years.
Save & exit by pressing the following keys at the same time
ctrl o ctrl x
Create a new self signed certificate, with the longer validity period. Replace the filenames below with the correct file/key names applicable to your server.
rm /home/e-smith/ssl.crt/servername.domain.com.crt rm /home/e-smith/ssl.key/servername.domain.com.key rm /home/e-smith/ssl.pem/servername.domain.com.pem signal-event post-upgrade signal-event reboot
Install the new certificate into your browser.
Also see http://wiki.contribs.org/Certificates_Concepts
How to simply recreate the certificate for SME Server
rm /home/e-smith/ssl.{crt,key,pem}/*
config delprop modSSL CommonName
config delprop modSSL crt
config delprop modSSL key
signal-event post-upgrade
signal-event reboot
Command-Line Quick Reference Guide
Below is a list of commands that I use all the time & tend to forget.
Generic Linux
| COMMAND NAME | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|
| /usr/sbin/smbd -V | samba version |
| /usr/sbin/httpd -v | apache version |
| httpd -t | verify the syntax of the configuration file of apache |
| httpd -tf /path/to/config/file | verify the syntax of the specified configuration file of apache |
| mysql -v | mysql version |
| php -v | php version |
| du -sh /* | shows your folder sizes by directory in the root (you can adapt to your directory path) |
| df -h | shows disk usage in human readable form |
| man <commandname> | shows more info about a command |
| uname -a | kernel release version |
| mv | moves or renames a file |
| cp | copies or backup a file |
| rm | removes or deletes a file |
| ps -aux|grep <process> | outputs processes running <process> |
| ps -AH | report process status |
| top | shows processes |
| top -i | shows only active processes |
| htop | shows processes (more versatile than top) |
| iptraf | shows network info |
| mc -d | show midnight commander (cli file browser) to navigate through system easily |
| host -t mx aol.com | shows the mx records for aol.com |
| dig any aol.com | show all dns records for aol.com (you can choose the dns server by adding its IP or hostname : '@8.8.4.4') |
| net groupmap list | shows samba mappings to nt groups |
| telinit 1 | changes to single user mode |
| ifconfig | shows detailed info on ethernet ports |
| grep -nsr "casesensitivesearch" /path/to/dir | finds all documents containing the criteria in a dir (add 'i' to the options for a non sensitive search) |
| grep -nsri server-manager.jpg /etc/e-smith/ | search the file server-manager.jpg in the path directory /etc/e-smith |
| tail -f /var/log/<LOGFILE> | realtime viewing of your log file |
| tar -czvf foo.tar.gz foo | creates a tar/zip file of a directory |
| tar -xvzf foo.tar.gz | untar/unzip a tar/zip file |
| scp -P <ssh_portnumber> foo.tar.gz <user>@<other_server_ipaddress>:/opt | transfers file to another server in /opt directory |
| rsync --progress -te "ssh -p <ssh_portnumber>" foo <other_server_ipaddress>:/opt | transfers file to another server |
| sed -i -e "s/foo/fee/g" <FILENAMEORPATHTODIR> | replaces foo with fee |
| sed '/abba/Id' file.txt | remove all lines with the string 'abba' (case sensitive) in the file.txt |
| watch mysqladmin process | shows the mysql processes running |
| lslbk <ONLY SME9> | lsblk lists information about all available or the specified block devices. The lsblk command reads the sysfs filesystem to gather information. The command prints all block devices (except RAM disks) in a tree-like format by default. |
| find . -type f | xargs rpm -qf | sort | uniq | find from which rpm these files come from |
| who -r | see in which runlevel you are running (7 for sme8, 4 for sme9) |
| findmnt | findmnt will list all mounted filesytems or search for a filesystem. |
| pstree | pstree shows running processes as a tree. The tree is rooted at either pid or init if pid is omitted. |
Estimate file space usage - drill down into directories
cd / du --si --max-depth 1 cd /home du --si --max-depth 1 cd /home/e-smith du --si --max-depth 1
UID/GID
- see informations of a user
id USER
- change the uid of a user
usermod -u UID USER_NAME
- create a group
groupadd -g GID -o GROUPE_NAME
- modify the GID of a group
groupmod -o -g GID GROUPE_NAME
- add a principal group to a user
usermod -g GROUP_NAME_OR_GID USER_NAME
- add a secondary group to a user
usermod -a -G GROUP_NAME_OR_GID USER_NAME
usermod
- change the home directory (-m move files/folders to the new location)
usermod -d /var/lib/jdownloader jdownloader
- change the shell access of a user
usermod --shell /bin/bash jdownloader
Read a TAI64N timestamp in human readable format
tai64nlocal converts precise TAI64N timestamps to a human-readable format.
tai64nlocal reads lines from stdin. If a line does not begin with @, tai64nlocal writes it to stdout without change. If a line begins with @, tai64nlocal looks for a timestamp after the @, in the format printed by tai64n, and writes the line to stdout with the timestamp converted to local time in ISO format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.SSSSSSSSS.
Eg
cat /var/log/qpsmtpd/current |tai64nlocal|less
Or
tailf /var/log/sshd/current | tai64nlocal
adjust the ntp time
if you want to set the correct time via ntpd without restarting the server
in a root terminal
/etc/init.d/ntpd stop ntpdate pool.ntp.org /etc/init.d/ntpd start
and to verify
date
create missing group and set gid
If a specific sme group or linux group is missing, you can create it again. see bugzilla:7932#c48
groupadd -g 102 -o apache rpm --setugids --setperms rpm1 rpm2
where 102 is the correct gid of apache group, adapt it to the right setting where rpm1 and rpm2 are valid rpm but broken due to the lack of apache group during installation or upgrade
if the group apache exists but with the wrong gid (example 48) you can set the 102 gid
groupmod -o -g 102 apache
display what are your network interfaces
# perl -Mesmith::ethernet -e "print esmith::ethernet::probeAdapters();" EthernetDriver1 e1000 08:00:27:23:85:a6 "Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 02)"
find files by their size
it could be useful to find large file by the command line
find /home/e-smith -type f -size +200M -exec ls -lh {} \; | awk '{ print $ ":_" $5 }';
use
‘k’ for Kilobytes (units of 1024 bytes) ‘M’ for Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes) ‘G’ for Gigabytes (units of 1073741824 bytes)
find files by the Name
find ~/smeserver/ -name 'e-smith-backup-2.4.0*'
or use (updatedb is launched every night)
updatedb locate e-smith-backup-2.4.0
how much mail data per user is stored on the server
You can adapt that command line to your needs, here we can see the used disk spaceof all emails stored by your users on your SME Server.
du -s /home/e-smith/files/users/*/Maildir | sort -rn | cut -f2- | xargs -d "\n" du -sh
Replace a chain of characters
Replace a chain of characters chaine1 by chaine2 in all files of the current directory with '.txt'
find . -name "*.txt" -type f -exec sed -i "s/chaine1/chaine2/g" {} \;
Check file system in case of corruption
If your filesystem is corrupted. That can be a hardware failure, or a software corruption (after a crash). The server won't boot before you manually run fsck to check/repair the filesystem. Note that this might not be possible if the problem is comming from hardware failure (hope you have backups....).
Try this: - when you're prompted to, enter the root password, you'll be dropped on a shell - manually run fsck
e2fsck -D -tt -y /dev/main/root
It can take several minutes/hours depending on the size of your drives and their speed. With some luck, the filesystem will be cleaned, and you'll be able to boot.
Adding notes/comments to shell commands
You can add comments to shell commands without interrupting the functionality of the shell command. The comments will be appear in .bash_history which can be beneficial for later analysis. e.g. Why was the the command given or who entered the command. Examples:
cat /etc/redhat-release #johnd What version are we running config setprop sshd status disabled #maryc Disable ssh access ticket:#12345
With (complex) grep arguments one would be able to search the bash history on different criteria. e.g. To find all shell commands given entered by mary that have something to do with ssh (example line above):
cat /root/.bash_history | grep "#mary" | grep ssh
will return:
config setprop sshd status disabled #maryc Disable ssh access ticket:#12345
Adding date and time to bash history
By default the bash history does not show the date and time of any activity. You can enable this by entering the following command:
HISTTIMEFORMAT="%d/%m/%y %T "
where %d=day, %m is month, &y is year and %T is time
To see the bash history with the date and time added, enter:
history
the history command can be useful in combination with added comments to shell commands for more precise analysis or (automatic) reporting based on a shell script and cron.
Raid
You have a lot of interesting tutorial concerning the Raid
shows software raid performance
hdparm -Tt /dev/mdX
(where X is 0,1,2,etc)
gives raid info
mdadm --detail /dev/mdX
(where X is 0,1,2,etc)
shows software raid
cat /proc/mdstat
remove the degraded raid
when you install the smeserver with one drive and in a degraded raid, you will see a 'U_' state but without warnings. If you want to leave just one 'U'
mdadm --grow /dev/md0 --force --raid-devices=1
RPM's
| Command | Explanation |
|---|---|
| rpm -qa | shows all rpms installed |
| rpm -qa --last | shows all rpms installed & installation date |
| rpm -q | asks for rpm info |
| rpm -qi | asks for detailed rpm info |
| rpm -qlv <packagename> | lists all files in a package |
| rpm -qlvp <packagename.rpm> | List all files in a rpm which is not installed |
| rpm -qf <filename> | reports what package a file belongs to |
| rpm -qV <packagename> | reports if permission and ownership are OK |
| rpm -qRp <packagename.rpm> | Find what dependencies have a rpm |
| rpm -qR <packagename> | Find what dependencies have a package name |
| rpm -q --whatrequires <packagename> | find what packages have <packagename> as dependancy |
| rpm -e --test <packagename> | find what packages have <packagename> as dependancy (more verbose as above) |
| rpm -e --nodeps <packagename> | remove packagename without removing dependencies |
| rpm --setugids <packagename> | set right ownership to rpm |
| rpm --setperms <packagename> | set right permissions to rpm |
| rpm -e --noscripts <packagename> | remove packagename without executing sciptlets (%pre, %post, %preun, %postun) |
| rpm -Va | capture any damaged/incomplete rpms - but will also show lots of configuration files, which you of course expect to be modified. |
Find upstream rpms patched by contribs.org
For the need of the distribution we ought to patch some upstream rpms, this is the list
rpm -qa --qf "%{name} %{BuildHost}\n" | grep -P 'build64\-1|builder.koozali.org' | awk '{print $1}' | grep -vP '^smeserver|e\-smith' | sort
Restore all permissions and ownership
If you want to restore all permissions and right ownership of rpm, you can do this in a root terminal. See bugzilla:6851#c15
for f in $(rpm -qa); do echo $f; rpm --setugids $f; done for f in $(rpm -qa); do echo $f; rpm --setperms $f; done
YUM'ing and repositories
| Command | Explanation |
|---|---|
| yum install <packagename> | installs packagename & any package it may need |
| yum remove <packagename> | removes packagename |
| yum list updates | list updates to any installed package |
| yum list available | list available packages in all repos not already installed |
| grep <reponame> | list available packages -shows only from repo name |
| yum search <packagename> | lists all packages in all repos matching packagename |
| yum clean all --enablerepo=* | Is used to clean up various things which accumulate in the yum cache (includes disabled repos) |
| yum --enablerepo=<reponame> <command> | enables a repo not normally enabled |
| /sbin/e-smith/audittools/newrpms | shows all extra packages installed |
| /sbin/e-smith/audittools/repositories | show all repositories and if they are activated or not |
| db yum_repositories show <reponame> | show properties of the repository <reponame> (you may use TAB to auto-complete your command line) |
Restoring Default Yum Repositories
cd /home/e-smith/db/ mv yum_repositories yum_repositories.po /etc/e-smith/events/actions/initialize-default-databases
Now you have a clean install, you can re-add 3rd party repos as described above
signal-event yum-modify
and check if you can update your server
yum update
LDAP
Show/Debug the state of LDAP
about the DB settings
db configuration show ldap
about the service (see the pid and the output when manually you start the service)
cd /service/ldap sv s . ./run
See the ownership of LDAP database (must be owned ldap:ldap)
ll /var/lib/ldap/
ldif-fix
it just prints what changes are needed in the ldap tree. With -u instead of -d, those changes are applied
/var/service/ldap/ldif-fix -d
Parse the ldap catalogue
you can use this command
slapcat
or if you want to sort
slapcat | grep -viP 'userPassword|sambaNTPassword|sambaLMPassword'
namingContexts
we can conduct a simple search of the naming context to see our directory information you can display 'dn' LDAP parameters, either by the server-manager or by the command line :
ldapsearch -x -b -s base '(objectclass=*)' namingContexts
or you can do
ldapsearch -x -h localhost -s base |grep 'dn'
- for example
[root@sme9 ~]# ldapsearch -x -h localhost -s base |grep 'dn' # base <dc=stephane,dc=dtdns,dc=net> (default) with scope baseObject # stephane.dtdns.net dn: dc=mycompany,dc=local
Retrieve the ldap base
in a template you can do
baseDN = "ou=Users,{ esmith::util::ldapBase($DomainName); }";
request a listing of all entries
The following LDAP search is requesting a listing of all entries starting from the base "dc=example,dc=local". This should return all of the entries
ldapsearch -x -b 'dc=mycompany,dc=local' '(objectclass=*)'
Bind with a specific user on LDAP
Try to connect to ldap with credentials of a specific user and see the LDAP catalogue. Find the 'dc' by the chapter above
ldapsearch -x -D uid=user2,ou=Users,dc=server1,dc=pt -W
- for example
[root@sme9 ~]# ldapsearch -x -D uid=stephane,ou=Users,dc=mycompany,dc=local -W
Check a specific user in LDAP catalogue
display informations on the user requested. Find the 'dc' by the chapter above
for sme9
ldapsearch -x -D cn=root,dc=server1,dc=pt -w $(cat /etc/pam_ldap.secret) -b ou=Users,dc=domain,dc=tld "uid=test2"
for sme8
ldapsearch -x -D cn=root,dc=server1,dc=pt -w $(cat /etc/ldap.secret) -b ou=Users,dc=domain,dc=tld "uid=test2"
- for example
for sme9
ldapsearch -x -D cn=root,dc=mycompany,dc=local -w $(cat /etc/pam_ldap.secret) -b ou=Users,dc=mycompany,dc=local "uid=stephane"
for sme8
ldapsearch -x -D cn=root,dc=mycompany,dc=local -w $(cat /etc/ldap.secret) -b ou=Users,dc=mycompany,dc=local "uid=stephane"
Retrieve the ldap password
- directly in a terminal
perl -Mesmith::util -e 'print esmith::util::LdapPassword();'
- in a template
my $pwd = esmith::util::LdapPassword();
if you need to call the ldap password in a script you can invoke this bash variable
- for sme8
PWD=$(cat /etc/ldap.secret)
- for sme9
PWD=$(cat /etc/pam_ldap.secret)
Log
Parse Log files to search for errors
When you want to test the SME Product it can be useful to see what it occurs This CL can help you, but you should read the entire log
grep -iE "uninitialized|WARNING|ERROR" /var/log/messages
of course this is for the /var/log/messages
or if you want to parse all log
grep -iE "uninitialized|WARNING|ERROR" /var/log/*
- verbose output
less /var/log/messages| grep -iE "useless|uninitialized|warn|fail|error|disable|unable|exit"
- search all logs with verbose output
less /var/log/* | grep -iE "useless|uninitialized|warn|fail|error|disable|unable|exit"
see Email
check blocked email address by the server
grep -i 'blocked email address' /var/log/qpsmtpd/current
maximum email size
Spam filter with Server-Manager
Using the Server-Manager Configuration/E-Mail panel, adjust the settings to these reasonable defaults.
- Virus scanning Enabled
- Spam filtering Enabled
- Spam sensitivity Custom
- Custom spam tagging level 4
- Custom spam rejection level 12
- Sort spam into junkmail folder Enabled
- Modify subject of spam messages Enabled
spam retention in junk mailbox
The server will automatically delete old spam in the junkmail folders after 90 days. You can control the number of days old spam is kept with the following commands. Where 15 is the number of days you want to keep messages, do...
db configuration setprop spamassassin MessageRetentionTime 15 signal-event email-update svc -t /service/qpsmtpd
then config show spamassassin
Mail Statistics
See Mailstats for details on the mailstats package.
yum install --enablerepo=smecontribs smeserver-mailstats
Whitelist and Blacklist
If mail comes in and it is misclassified as spam by Spamasassin, you can add the sender to the Spamassassin whitelist so that future messages coming in from that sender are not filtered. Conversely, you can add a spammer to the Spamassassin blacklist so you never see their spam again. Add senders (or their entire domains) to the global whitelist (or blacklist) with commands similar to these (as root):
db spamassassin setprop wbl.global *@vonage.com White db spamassassin setprop wbl.global *domain2.com White db spamassassin setprop wbl.global user@domain3.com White db spamassassin setprop wbl.global spammer@spamdomain.com Black
expland template and save the configuration to the database
signal-event email-update
You can view the lists with this command:
db spamassassin show
These lists can be also controlled by the server-manager with the wbl contrib http://wiki.contribs.org/Email_Whitelist-Blacklist_Control
MySQL
There appears to be no password set for the MySQL root password, but this is not true. If you are logged in to the SME Server shell a special mechanism is in place to log you in with MySQL root privileges without prompting you for the password.
The MySQL root password for SME Server is a 72 character random string generated during installation of SME Server. You should never change the MySQL root password as this will break your SME Server configuration. How to login as MySQL root user? describes how to access MySQL with root privileges on SME Server.
For more informations you can see the MySQL page
Login as MySQL root user
To login as MySQL root user, simply type 'mysql' at the SME Server shell, this will log you in with root privileges. the mysql admin password is a random password generated which can be find
- /root/.my.cnf
- /etc/ldap.secret for sme8 and /etc/pam_ldap.secret for sme9
do not modify these files.
- directly in a terminal
perl -Mesmith::util -e 'print esmith::util::LdapPassword();'
- in a template
my $pwd = esmith::util::LdapPassword();
if you need to call the mysql password in a script you can invoke this bash variable
- for sme8
PWD=$(cat /etc/ldap.secret)
- for sme9
PWD=$(cat /etc/pam_ldap.secret)
Create a Database and its User
Create a new MySQL database (In this example the database name is databasename. Change databasename, username and password with your own choices as required)
Login as root and issue the following command to enter the MySQL CLI and create the database:
mysql create database databasename; grant all privileges on databasename.* to username identified by 'password'; flush privileges; exit
or directly from the shell or script:
mysql -e "create database databasename;" mysql -e "grant all privileges on databasename.* to username identified by 'password';" mysql -e "flush privileges;"
Remove a database
Get access to the SME Server shell and MySQL and issue the following command:
drop database databasename;
or from the shell. Confirmation will be asked.
mysqladmin drop databasename
Replace databasename with the name of the database.
Remove a user
Get access to the SME Server shell and MySQL and issue the following command:
USE mysql; DELETE FROM user WHERE user = 'username'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Replace username with the username you wish to delete.
Show databases directly from CLI
Directly in your Terminal you can see how much DB mysql you have.
mysqlshow
+--------------------+ | Databases | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | egroupware | | horde | | mysql | | roundcube | | test | | wordpress | +--------------------+
Other useful MySQL commands:
- list all available database.
show databases;
- display a list of the MySQL users
SELECT user FROM mysql.user;
- remove the user jeffrey
DROP USER 'jeffrey'@'localhost';
- list the privileges granted to the account user
SHOW GRANTS FOR 'user'@'localhost';
- give all rights on all databases for new_dba user
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'new_dba'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password' WITH GRANT OPTION; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
- give all rights on database for new_user
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE ON database.* TO 'new_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
- will let you destroy a database. Use with care. Use 'mysqladmin --help' for all available options.
mysqladmin drop databasename;
- show you all table details of mysql database
use database; show table status;
- let you see all tables of mysql database
use database; show table status;
Password
Password strength
First a warning - Far too many systems out there have weak passwords and they will be broken into. Educating your users on the necessity of strong passwords is the best option. If that fails, here is how you change the password strength checking from 'strong' to 'normal', which was the setting in previous versions of SME. Be careful to use the exact capitalization.
config setprop passwordstrength Admin normal config setprop passwordstrength Users normal config setprop passwordstrength Ibays normal
It is also possible, but strongly discouraged, to disable password strength checking by setting to 'none'
none : no check is performed on the password normal : the password must be composed of at least seven characters with uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers and non-alphanumeric characters strong : the restrictions are the same as for the normal level, but in addition, the password is verified by cryptlib which ensures its actual complexity
Change Password Users by the command line
If you want to change password to your users by the command Line instead of the user panel of SME Server you can do it like this.
perl -e "use esmith::util;esmith::util::setUserPassword( 'username', 'password');"; /sbin/e-smith/signal-event password-modify username
run it for each user separately and replace
username
and
password
with the appropriate values for each of your users.
For special characters note this bug regarding escaping bugzilla:8510
Some examples :
perl -e 'use esmith::util;esmith::util::setUserPassword("username","pass!word");'
Or:
perl -e "use esmith::util;esmith::util::setUserPassword( 'username','pass"'!'"word');"
Generating strong random password
You can Install randpw else you can use manually the CL below
Security should not be taken lightly and password for e.g. databases, connections etc. need to be long and strong. One way of generating a strong random password is:
< /dev/urandom tr -dc '_A-Z-a-z-0-9!@+[](){}~<>*%^&#+=/$:;,?' | head -c${1:-50};echo;
This will generate a 50 character long random password whereby the characters are selected from the above given string _A-Z-a-z-0-9!@+[](){}~<>*%^&#+=/$:;,?. The number 50 represents the length of the generated password and can be adjusted to fit your needs.
One could also store the generated password to a file or to a db key:
< /dev/urandom tr -dc '_A-Z-a-z-0-9!@+[](){}~<>*%^&#+=/$:;,?' | head -c${1:-50} > mypassword.txt
config set MyStrongPassword `< /dev/urandom tr -dc '_A-Z-a-z-0-9!@+[](){}~<>*%^&#+=/$:;,?' | head -c${1:-50};echo;`
Please note the usage of ` charachter which is not the ' character
Signalling events : Signal-event
The signal-event program takes an event name as an argument, and executes all of the actions in that event, providing the event name as the first parameter and directing all output to the system log. It works by listing the entries in the event directory and executing them in sequence. So for example, the command:
signal-event console-save
will perform all the actions associated with the console-save event, which is defined by the contents of the /etc/e-smith/events/console-save/ directory. This is exactly what the console user interface does when you select save at the end of the console configuration wizard.
PHP Related Commands
Show current php settings
config show php
Expand php.ini template
expand-template /etc/php.ini
Configure PHP Basedir Restriction per ibay
db accounts setprop IBAYNAME PHPBaseDir DIR1:DIR2:DIRn signal-event ibay-modify IBAYNAME
Example
db accounts setprop Primary PHPBaseDir /home/e-smith/files/ibays/Primary:/tmp signal-event ibay-modify Primary
Execution Time
For SME9 exclusively see Useful_Commands#PHP_settings_only_for_SME9
db configuration setprop php MaxExecutionTime ZZ expand-template /etc/php.ini /etc/init.d/httpd-e-smith restart
where ZZ is the time in seconds.
Memory Limit
For SME9 exclusively see Useful_Commands#PHP_settings_only_for_SME9
db configuration setprop php MemoryLimit XXM expand-template /etc/php.ini /etc/init.d/httpd-e-smith restart
where XX is the amount of memory in Mb.
Upload Max File Size
For SME9 exclusively see Useful_Commands#PHP_settings_only_for_SME9
db configuration setprop php UploadMaxFilesize WW expand-template /etc/php.ini /etc/init.d/httpd-e-smith restart
where WW is the file size in Mb.
Post Maximum Size
For SME9 exclusively see Useful_Commands#PHP_settings_only_for_SME9
db configuration setprop php PostMaxSize WW expand-template /etc/php.ini /etc/init.d/httpd-e-smith restart
where WW is the file size in Mb.
Allow URL FOpen
For SME9 exclusively see Useful_Commands#PHP_settings_only_for_SME9
Not secure. Instead use per ibay or directory.
SME Server specific
Command Line
| Command | Explanation |
|---|---|
| signal-event post-upgrade | performs SME Server to go regenerate all templates |
| signal-event reboot | reboots the server |
| signal-event <event> | performs SME Server to go regenerate event template (you may use TAB to auto-complete your command line) |
| signal-event console-save | Expands templates and reconfigures services which can be changed from the text-mode console and which do not require a reboot |
| signal-event dns-update | refreshes the DNS cache, useful for when you know a domain has changed IP and the TTL is too long to wait |
| /etc/e-smith/events/actions/navigation-conf | recreates server-manager navigation panel |
| config show | display the internal configuration of the server |
| config show <service name> | show the service configuration (you may use TAB to auto-complete your command line) |
| db | shows the syntax of the db command |
| db configuration show | shows the entire server configuration |
| db configuration setprop <record> <property> <value> | sets or changes a property in the configuration database |
| db accounts show | shows all account details |
| db accounts show <accountname> | shows the account details |
| /etc/e-smith/events/actions/initialize-default-databases | action for initializing the default database values |
Refresh DNS cache
signal-event dns-update
refreshes the DNS cache, useful for when you know a domain has changed IP and the TTL is too long to wait
Refresh Squid Cache
Extracted from: http://forums.contribs.org/index.php?topic=38848.msg176737#msg176737
Flush and Restart
sv d /service/squid echo "" > /var/spool/squid/swap.state sv u /service/squid
& to check it's running
sv s /service/squid
SystemConfig
Some relative Informations to your system are recorded in the configuration database
config show sysconfig
db command
you can see this page of the wiki DB_Variables_Configuration and the Db_command_tutorial
Setting db variables to default values
Any db variable that has a default value can be reset to the default by deleting the variable entirely, then re-initializing the default database values as follows:
config delprop <key> <prop> /etc/e-smith/events/actions/initialize-default-databases
Delete a property value
To delete the property
db accounts delprop <key> <prop>
Reset a property to an empty value
To reset to an empty value
db accounts setprop <key> <prop> ''
Create DB key manually by a script
An example on how create by hand some db with contents in a script. all these db can not be erased because for every 'post-upgrade signal-event; signal-event reboot', the default values set manually below will return.
mkdir -p /etc/e-smith/db/accounts/defaults/wordpress echo "reserved" > /etc/e-smith/db/accounts/defaults/wordpress/type
mkdir -p /etc/e-smith/db/configuration/defaults/wordpress echo "configuration" > /etc/e-smith/db/configuration/defaults/wordpress/type echo "Wordpress weblog" > /etc/e-smith/db/configuration/defaults/wordpress/Name echo "global" > /etc/e-smith/db/configuration/defaults/wordpress/PublicAccess echo "enabled" > /etc/e-smith/db/configuration/defaults/wordpress/status echo "wordpress" > /etc/e-smith/db/configuration/defaults/wordpress/DbName echo "wordpress" > /etc/e-smith/db/configuration/defaults/wordpress/DbUser echo "en" > /etc/e-smith/db/configuration/defaults/wordpress/WpLang
in order to initialize all db settings
/etc/e-smith/events/actions/initialize-default-databases
Create DB key manually by 'config'
If you want to create a key entry manually you can use the 'config' command and save properties in the configuration database. For your information, once deleted you cannot retrieve default values as above. The generic Command line is :
config configuration set key type [prop1 val1] [prop2 val2] ...
for example you can do
config set plop configuration Name wordpress PublicAccess private status enabled DbName wordpress DbUser wordpress WpLang en
you can see the result
config show plop plop=configuration DbName=wordpress DbUser=wordpress Name=wordpress PublicAccess=private WpLang=en status=enabled
Modify Hidden settings of users
Grant bash access to a "user"
db accounts setprop user Shell /bin/bash signal-event user-modify user
Grant vpn access to a "user"
db accounts setprop user VPNClientAccess yes signal-event user-modify user
Grant sudo access to a "user"
db accounts setprop user Sudoer yes signal-event user-modify user
Chroot "user" on FTP usage
db accounts setprop user ChrootDir /home/e-smith/files/users/user/home signal-event user-modify user
General Service Handling
SME Server uses runit, a UNIX init scheme with service supervision. See the man page of the 'sv' command
All other linux common way to start or stop services are also valuable
/etc/init.d/servicename start/stop/status service servicename start/stop/status
- start
sv u /service/servicename
- stop
sv d /service/servicename
- restart
sv t /service/servicename
- status
sv s /service/servicename
Example
Restarting:
sv t /service/httpd-e-smith
chkconfig and runlevel information
chkconfig provides a simple command-line tool for maintaining the /etc/rc[0-6].d directory hierarchy by relieving system administrators of the task of directly manipulating the numerous symbolic links in those directories.
You need to say to SME Server to add the script to each run level you have specified at the top of your init script( Default-Start: 2 3 4 5 and Default-Stop: 0 1 6 ). For Linux using rpm as centos or redhat, you can use
chkconfig YOUR_SERVICE_NAME --add
You can set the levels where the initscript has to start
chkconfig YOUR_SERVICE_NAME --level 2345 on
If you want to see which runlevel your script will run in
chkconfig YOUR_SERVICE_NAME --list
you can pipe the command
chkconfig --list | egrep "nfs|rpc"
example :
# chkconfig dhcp-dns --list dhcp-dns 0:arrêt 1:arrêt 2:marche 3:marche 4:marche 5:marche 6:arrêt
allow a service to start for a particular time
If your package implements a server or daemon, you will probably want it to be started automatically when the system boots. The SME Server boots in runlevel 7, so you can get an idea of the startup processes by listing the contents of /etc/rc.d/rc7.d.
These are similar to the init scripts you may be familiar with from other Linux systems, with one important difference. Instead of pointing to scripts within /etc/rc.d/init.d, all of those init entries are links to /etc/rc.d/init.d/e-smith-service. This is a wrapper which checks the configuration database to see if the service is supposed to be running and if so, starts the service from /etc/rc.d/init.d/whatever.
So for example, you might have:
S90squid -> /etc/rc.d/init.d/e-smith-service
The e-smith-service script looks up the name it was invoked with (S90squid), drops the prefix (leaving squid), checks the configuration database for the "squid" service, then if it's supposed to run, does:
/etc/rc.d/init.d/squid start
- with this way SME's knows how to/if start the service at startup
config set myapplicationname service status enabled
cd /etc/rc.d/init.d ln -s /path/to/myinitscript myapplicationname
We are creating a symlink of the original startup script with a new name (the point is that myapplicationname must be identical to the service name above)
cd /etc/rc7.d ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/e-smith-service SXXmyapplicationname
we create a symlink to e-smith-service startup script with a name where: S tells SME to start XX are numbers
You can decide when to start the service myapplicationname, but you should not start something that need the network before the network itself is up and running. Therefore you can see the content of /etc/rc7.d and see which scripts are needed to execute your new startup script
signal-event remoteaccess-update service myapplicationname start
Creating or deleting a service
- Creating and starting service
ln -f -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/e-smith-service /etc/rc7.d/S98popfile /sbin/e-smith/db configuration set popfile service status enabled /sbin/e-smith/signal-event remoteaccess-update service popfile start
- Deleting and unregistering service
service popfile stop sleep 3 rm -f /etc/rc7.d/S98popfile rm -f /etc/rc.d/init.d/popfile /sbin/e-smith/config delete popfile /sbin/e-smith/signal-event remoteaccess-update
Create a service with db command and set network access
DB_Variables_Configuration#Additional_information_on_customizing_iptables
Create a custom-named service definition in the configuration database.
db configuration set <servicename> service
Apply your desired firewall restrictions to any existing SME 'service' or to a custom-named service that you have created. Combine a custom-named service with port-forwarding to create customized firewall rules.
db configuration setprop <servicename> TCPPort <portnumber> db configuration setprop <servicename> TCPPorts <portnumbers> # Ranges of ports are defined with a : not a - db configuration setprop <servicename> UDPPort <portnumber> db configuration setprop <servicename> UDPPorts <portnumbers> # Ranges of ports are defined with a : not a - db configuration setprop <servicename> status enabled|disabled db configuration setprop <servicename> access public|private db configuration setprop <servicename> AllowHosts a.b.c.d,x.y.z.0/24 db configuration setprop <servicename> DenyHosts e.f.g.h,l.m.n.0/24
Effectuate the changes you have made
signal-event remoteaccess-update
SSL
Test SSL certificate
This free online service performs a deep analysis of the configuration of any SSL web server on the public Internet. https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/
SSL diagnostic
The s_client command implements a generic SSL/TLS client which connects to a remote host using SSL/TLS. It is a very useful diagnostic tool for SSL servers.
openssl s_client Documentation
- on sme
openssl s_client -connect localhost:993
- on a remote host
openssl s_client -connect yourdomain:993
SSl Signature algorithm
you can verify the algorithm signature of your certificate for example
openssl x509 -noout -text -in /home/e-smith/ssl.pem/sme9dev2.mycompany.local.pem
SSH
Enable SSH
- Enable ssh access (the lazy not-so-secure way, but I am assuming for this testing/dev scenario that your external IP is really a local address behind a router)
db configuration setprop sshd status enabled
db configuration setprop sshd PermitRootLogin yes
db configuration setprop sshd acccess public
db configuration setprop sshd PasswordAuthentication yes
/sbin/e-smith/signal-event remoteaccess-update
- Allow ssh in public or private mode : public= all internet private= only your network
db configuration sshd access public signal-event remoteaccess-update
Access to the terminal of your remote sme
ssh root@ip-sme-or-remote-hostname
or
ssh -pX root@ip-sme-or-remote-host (X is the port listened by ssh service)
Execute or run a command over ssh to a remote server and auto disconnect after quit
ssh -t root@ip-sme-or-remote-hostname command
where 'command' is the program or command to run. An example could be:
ssh -t root@192.168.1.5 top
Access to the server-manager through SSH
We can access to the server-manager of your remote SME Server by SSH with a tunneling protocol initiated by "ssh -L". This command has to be done by a superuser in a Terminal like if you want to be connected to your SME Server by SSH.
Do this in a root terminal of your Linux computer outside of your network
ssh -L 443:localhost:443 root@your-static-external-network-IP-or-host.dyndsn.org
host.dyndsn.org could be a free service as dyndns.org or noip.com
Keep the terminal open, Then you need to use this specific URL in your WEB Browser to go to the server-manager
https://localhost/server-manager
Access with non standard ports
In certain cases which you are not root on the local computer, you can not redirect port < 1024, so you have to use port > 1024 as the example below.
ssh -L 9443:localhost:443 root@your-remote-ip -p 22
9443 : local port 443 : remote https port your-remote-ip : the remote host (could be an ip or a domain name) 22 : this is the port where the ssh server is listening, you can change it in accordance with the remote server
Keep the terminal open, Then you need to use this specific URL in your WEB Browser to go to the server-manager
https://localhost:9443/server-manager
